Napoleon as a Child of the Enlightenment and the First Modern Dictator Research Paper

Napoleon as a Child of the Enlightenment and the First Modern Dictator - Research Paper Example This was an indication of his devotion to the enli. With scholastic and scientific advancements came the so called â€Å"opening of great minds†. Shortly after the advent of enlightenment, the revolution and civil war broke out in France from 1879 to 1899. This period required a strong leader and Napoleon’s leaning towards enlightenment’s principal-called the minds of the French, middle class (Posner 12). He displayed this in his policies and attitudes, resulting from his enlightened social reform agenda and religious ideas. Enlightenment taught principles of religious tolerance via the lessening of God and religion in everyday life. Napoleon was able to isolate himself from the devout and use religion for the furthering of his goals and political ideas. For example, he took the religion of the lands that he conquered. In France, he was a Catholic, but in Egypt, he took up Islam. It is difficult to reconcile whether Napoleon's political acumen was his source of e nlightenment or whether the enlightenment made him a political strategist (Posner 16). Regardless, Napoleon is considered a despot of the enlightenment. Though by today’s standards, Napoleon’s ideals, such as a puppet parliament and clergy would seem unenlightened, the 18th-century enlightenment despot was one able to introduce rational thought and reform while ignoring the minority. Napoleon’s most interesting enlightened social reform involved the institution of a law system that treated the citizens as individuals, without recognition of social class. Napoleon also instituted enlightenment principled reforms in the education sector by promoting scholarships for those with scholastic promise, as education became increasingly important in the enlightenment world. His enlightenment era actions and ideas led to the codified law system that was embraced all over Europe and continues to influence constitutions all over the world to date. Napoleon was a child of the enlightenment who followed the ideas that the period presented through his strategy and policies. Napoleon can be considered as the first modern dictator. Most dictators usually come to power during war or a state of emergence, just as Napoleon did. As an army general during the French Revolution, France witnessed a period of great political and social upheaval. From 1789, France evolved from being a monarchy to a republic and finally to an empire. In the middle of bloody coups, executions, and confusion, Napoleon rose to the high consul in the provisional government (Woloch 34). Because of his status as an undefeated commander, he enjoyed great popularity. He went on to write the Napoleonic code, which is still the basis for French civil law to this day.  Ã‚  

Feminism, its development since the 18th century and how it affected Research Paper

Feminism, its development since the 18th century and how it affected society of today - Research Paper Example The feminists assert that there are very few inherent differences that are unchangeable between men and women. There are however many individual differences between men and women. These individual and inherent differences are however not to imply that one gender is more capable than the other. The equality that is advocated for by the movement refers to equality in accordance to the laws of the land as well as social, political, an economic equality. While most people assume that feminism is a single or unified school of thought, it can be seen that the movement has evolved in three major waves. Each wave of has had distinct features or characteristics and can be seen to have been advocating for different rights. While some have criticized the movement, it has led to some major achievement for the women. It is important for one to understand the situation that the women were living in before the rise of the feminist movement. Such an understanding will help one to understand the chan ges that were brought about by the feminist movement. At the beginning of the 18thcentury, women did not receive any recognition under law. They were pronounced as being civilly dead when they got married. They were therefore not allowed to sign any contracts and they could not control the wages that they received. Their wages were controlled by the men in their lives. They were not given an opportunity to get an education and their position was expected to be at home taking care of their homesteads. A comparison of this situation with the current situation in the society reveals that a lot of changes have taken place. Most of the changes and the rights that the women have been able to achieve are as a result of the feminist activities (O’Neil 32). The influence of the feminist movement is seen to be reflected in the different areas of life in the society. The movement influences the social lives of the people and their economic life as well. The impact of feminism can also b e seen in the literary world. Many female writers chose to address the various feminist issues that faced them in their lives through their writing. As the different waves of feminism changed, so did the content for the writers who are considered as feminists. Because each wave addressed different social and economic issues, and this was reflected in their writing. The ‘first wave of feminism’ can be traced back to the late 18th century period. This wave targeted the injustices that were officially mandated and that were directed at women. The first wave of this movement was interconnected with other movements that sought reforms in the society. Such movements included the abolition movement and the temperance movement. The highlight of the wave was marked by the publication of Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1972. The end of this wave can be seen to have been marked by the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Th is amendment gave the women voting rights and marked the beginning of the process of political empowerment for the women. The feminists during this period included Lucy Stone, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Helen Pitts among others. The movement also saw such achievements as educational opportunities for women. The first

ICTs in Global Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ICTs in Global Context - Essay Example Such applications refer to the government online (E-Government), the introduction of the Electronic Voting System, the expression of the people’s opinion regarding a certain political decision by signing an on-line petition, as well as to the information and publicity developed on the Internet, in the electronic mail and throughout the informatics technologies.† (Annals, 2005 University of Craiova). But many argue that there an increase in the benefits of any country as a result of the spread of capitalism. ICTs have the ability to fast-track any country’s participation in the global politics and decision making policies. ICTs give any government domination over the policies due to extensive financial and technical resources, to facilitate in its global presence, and helping in ggrowth of a new entrepreneurial class with innovative corporate practices. If the FOSS model is applied then any country’s government has control over its ICT infrastructure, in ter ms of security, support and development and cost thereby increasing development and employment means. Also the government has open standards and open formats now, allowing for international co-operation. Theorists have different views about the effect that ICTs have on politics. Hyperglobalists think that due to ICTs political power becomes transferred into the hands of those which do not deserve it. Transformationalists think that ICTs cause the power of the government to become uneven and multilayered as they reconstitute and restructure their power. Skeptics state that ICTs are overstatement that only serves to extend policies and cause unrest in the country as a result of a power upsurge. Critiques argue that ICTs cause privatizations.... The wide spread use of ICTs has changed the world much, whether to our liking or not, is still to decides. Most of it is certainly in our favor. But nothing good in this world comes without a price. ICTs promote globalization which refers to the accelerated worldwide intermeshing of states and the closer integration of economies and cross-border traffic and communication becoming denser. It is also the process whereby individual lives and local communities are affected by economic and cultural forces that operate worldwide. ICTs allow poor states to come edge to edge with the developed countries and promote better communication. It can even give the states a place in the global economic picture. But are most of the benefits good enough to account for all the bad that is brought about by the ICTs. Due to ICTs a different category of ‘information poor’ states is formed. States run after information that is categorized as valuable information and knowledge and beats the oth ers for it at all costs increasing the already deep world-wide unrest. In many places the western structures of knowledge and power and economic superiority is still maintained not allowing the underdeveloped countries to come forward. ICTs are also responsible in an on-going masculine discourse development. ICTs ignore finance problems such as recurrent costs of computer servicing and training and are still intent on supplying rather than the demand side.

Dq-Sheila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dq-Sheila - Essay Example Case studies as well as phenomenological studies are both appropriate for qualitative research (Astalin, 2013). The two research designs start with research questions that direct the type of data to be collected. Interview and observations as well as review of documents are the main sources of information/data to both designs (Cheneli, 2011). Despite being similar in some aspects, case studies and phenomenological studies have differences that make them unique from each other. Phenomenological study gathers information on the life experience of research subjects (Kafle, 2011). This research design is used to illuminate the reaction of the subjects to a specific phenomenon. Case study on the other hand relates to an event or a program that have specific influence on the research subjects in a given environment (Cheneli, 2011). The data collected aim at investigating the exact benefits of a subject being in one environment compared to the other. Due to the nature of the research design, phenomenological study ask questions that aim at exposing inner perceptions of a subject on a particular issues (Kafle, 2011). The interpretation to such information paves way to attaching meaning to reaction. For example, a phenomenological researcher may ask a question like; what is the importance of going through formal education to an individual? This question gives room to the research subject to express their view based on experience. The person will respond to such questions using their live world. A case study on the other hand asks questions whose focus is evaluating the effect of the different surroundings to the research subjects (Hyett et al., 2014). A typical question in a case study could be; what is the best approach to addressing negative external influence in an organization? This question directs the subject to think in line with different

Pans Labrynth Newspaper Article Essay Example for Free

Pans Labrynth Newspaper Article Essay Yesterday night, police took in 13 suspects who could have been related to the brutal murder of a child. A young female, roughly aged 8 10 years was found murdered outside the famous Labyrinth, El laberinto del fauno. Police have asked around the local area of Bilbao, but have asked the townspeople to come forward, as they might hold the vital information of this case. Policà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a Juan Marà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gon states that We want to finish this case within 4 6 weeks, we need the key to solving this murder, but someone out there holds it, not us. Police have told the public, with help from the forensics, they have found fingerprints of the future suspects. The 13 men who are kept in for indepent interviews Have released information about who they are and that they are part of the Spanish Maquis guerrillas. The man and his sister have also revealed a quote from behalf of both of them; We knew the girl, she was very close to us both. Once alone, the woman said The girl was like my own daughter. I used to look after her as my own. I hope the police find out who done such a thing. Later on, Detective Felipà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Romerez revealed the names of the woman and her brother. The woman, Mercedes Julientos, and her brother, Frederico Julientos are both suspects themselves. Whilst on the crime scene, forensics had discovered another body, one of a man, who is seemed to be aged 40 or over. During each interview, Mercedes and Frederico have both denied seeing a man at the time of the killing. At the time of the police arriving, Mercedes was holding a very young baby, who forensics say, after eximaning the body of the male, could be related to the male. The 13 suspects, along with Mercedes Julientos, and her brother, Frederico Julientos are all going under for custody of the police. They all will later be taken to court to be proven innocent or guilty. A later date wil be published for the court hearing. If more than 8 of the suspects are found guilty, each could be facing a minimum of 7 years in jail. Other suspects that have been interviewed and released on bail are many who were at the crime scene. 2 of the 13 main suspects have tried to escape, but the cheif of the Spanish police caught both red handed. They have been told that their stunt could effect their hearing and their trial. Police and forensics have partially identified the body as Ophelia Llimero, aged 8. The brother of Ophelia Llimero, is now left orphan, but will be staying with Mercedes Julientos for the time being. Sailinda Hugamos, the neighbour of Videl Llimero, said Ophelia and I were so close. She used to come to my house everyday to eat my homemade famous Salsa. My husband and I will be extremely devestated. The area around the great big fig tree in El laberinto del fauno will be closed off until forensics have fully analysed the whole area, and until further notice. All of the area has been closed off to local people and tourists. Dates for the hearings for the 13 suspects, excluding Mercedes Julientos, and her brother, Frederico Julientos are yet to be decided.

How is childhood presented in Games at Twilight Essay Example for Free

How is childhood presented in Games at Twilight Essay There are many similarities between the ways that childhood is presented in these two short stories. When acting as a group, the children are frequently portrayed as cruel and aggressive. In The Red Ball the young boy is given a variety of cruel names by other children due to his thin frame, for example Thinny Boney and Match-stick foot. This shows the brutal honesty of children of a young age. In Games at Twilight the children are rough and belligerent, shown by the shoves became harder and the frequent quarrelling of the children over who will be It in their game of hide and seek. In Games at Twilight the children are frequently shown in an animalistic light. The authors use of vocabulary reveals this, for example wild, maniacal, and snarling. Words such as prey, stalked and pounded relate to hunting in the animal kingdom, and therefore reinforce the authors portrayal of children as animalistic. In The Red Ball Bolan is said to have waited like a small animal, so children are again compared to animals. The fact that the children in both stories play their games in large groups could represent the packs that animals exist in in the wild. By using animalistic images the authors are able to reinforce their portrayal of children as cruel and aggressive. Childish games seem to hold great significance to the children in both stories. In Games at Twilight the author says that the children are desperate to start their business the business of the childrens day which is play. By making the children in the story so dependent on games the author suggests that the children have basic, immature values, since play is not an adult business. In The Red Ball games also hold a great significance for the children it is Bolans ability to play cricket well that gains him acceptance amongst the other children. It is obvious that friendships are built when games are participated in, as Bolan steals money from his parents to buy a red cricket ball in order to be more highly thought of by his friends. It is interesting to see that the games in both of the stories are carried out outdoors. In The Red Ball the author writes the boys played cricket until the fireflies came out. In Games at Twilight Raghu is described as crashing and storming in the hedge wilder. Thus the children in both stories are more closely linked to nature, reinforcing the authors portrayal of them as animals. In both stories the main characters are portrayed as outcasts. In The Red Ball the young boy watches other children play cricket from the outskirts of the park, and in Games at Twilight young Ravi hides alone, only to find that the other children have quite forgotten him. The difference between the stories is that the young boy in The Red Ball is eventually accepted by his peers and revered by them he becomes their star bowler and therefore essential for their game. In Games at Twilight we are led to believe that Ravi will eventually be accepted by the other children for winning the game of hide and seek he smiled to himself at the thought of so much victory. However Ravi never achieves such victory as the other children forget about him having disappeared from the scene, he had disappeared from their minds. Clean. By using such a short sentence, clean, the author is stressing the fact that Ravi was forgotten by his peers, and therefore emphasises his insignificance to the other children; he is bottom of the pecking order. In Games at Twilight young Ravi is portrayed as rather unintelligent and cowardly. He is frequently described as fearful Ravi shook with fear. His desperation to be accepted by his siblings shows that he is not highly thought of, and is also somewhat pathetic. Thinking that he will win the childish game of hide and seek he thinks that nothing more wonderful had ever happened to him. His unimportance is confirmed in the final sentence of the story he lay down full length on the damp grass silenced by a terrible sense of his insignificance. In The Red Ball Bolan is portrayed as a somewhat more intelligent, wise individual. He is capable enough to understand that by replying when he is called offensive names by the other children, he will be labelled with those names. He is also able to comprehend more difficult family situations, and shows perception and intelligence when the author writes it was one of those moments when he felt as if he had held his mother in front of him as a sort of shield to save himself from a rain of blows. In conclusion, the presentation of childhood in the two short stories, Games at Twilight and The Red Ball varies. The main characters, when alone, are portrayed as more innocent individuals, whereas when in larger groups, the children seem to be more cruel and hostile. Games at Twilight offers the less favourable impression of children overall, frequently incorporating animalistic images into the story to describe the children.

Concepts of Internet Privacy

Concepts of Internet Privacy Cyberspace and Internet Privacy According to (Choucri Clark, 2013) in the journal of â€Å"Who controls cyberspace† describe a new field of human communication which focused on the Internet and the hundreds of millions of processors the Internet attaches, and the data or information that delivers has become a fundamental and vital feature of society. It forms a new reality for just about each person in the developed world and a rising number in the developing world. In general, few governments practice direct control towards the cyberspace. They can utilize excessive influence by their ability to influence other actors by using regulation, enactment, venture and standards. The actors representing the interests of copyright holders also can’t practice direct control over internet or cyberspace and they must work indirectly through other actors, in particular the Internet service providers or ISP. As the cyberspace as get to be more easy to understand, more individuals are intersection into the computerized separation and securing their advanced personalities. The word cyberspace was coined by the science fiction author William Gibson, a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts, a graphic representation of data extracted from the banks of every computer in the human system (Bryant, 2001). Gibsons the internet is accordingly not a space of passive information, for example, a library where its correspondence channels associate with this present reality, and permit the internet pilots to communicate with that world. The reference to computer science is imperative in a third admiration where artificial intelligence characterizes itself as a study of data and correspondence, and the internets substrate is definitely the joint system of all current correspondence stations and data s aves joining individuals and machines. Google is a capable, private segment on-screen character whose business is fundamentally focused on the Internet. Google has made an extensive variety of move, both direct and indirect, to utilize purposes of control to impact the character of the Internet. It has created another working framework for cell phones, Android, has created a program called Chrome, and gives YouTube, a standout amongst the most prevalent destinations on the Web. It has its own particular substance conveyance system with worldwide achieve and immediate association with numerous shopper confronting ISPs. In China, the state controls very nearly every choice point in the general methodology of the Internet structure and its key institutional underpinnings, and additionally any takeoffs from endorsed items or methodologies. China has developed a complex socio-technical structure to identify unsatisfactory substance and order its evacuation or change (Choucri and Clark, 2013, p. 27). On the other hand, privacy stresses human dignity and other critical values, for example, freedom of expression and flexibility of discourse. It has wind up being the most key human rights issues of the advanced age. The use of the Internet can affect the security benefits of an individual have in his or her identity or private data. Internet usage causes a huge amount of private information which offers impulses into ones character and identity. Protection as a system for arranging social relationship, especially in the middle of individuals and outside force foundations, has been described in distinctive ways. Privacy may be characterized as the case of people, groups or institutions to determine when, how and to what degree the data about them is conveyed to others (Westin, 1967). The idea of right to be left alone conveyed the conclusion of allow me to be alone to the freestanding, commonly to public and private institutions with ability and power. With the development of new technologies that increase and expand of the gatherers of individual data or information, there need to goings-on to arrange the people relationship with the external environment by providing the single person with control over information about themselves. As such, with the new characteristics of collaborating network media, the elements that are needed to ensure self- autonomy and self -governance also change. Therefore, the concept of privacy changes radically from maintaining passive liberty and freedom from external institutions intervention (Woo, 2006, p. 961). Today, privately owned companies are tracking the equivalent measure of our minutes as they can internet, offering that information or data to different companies who hence thus it to with law implementation and the organization. The equipment they use to do this tracking is developing rapidly and has been able to be particularly advanced, and individuals have unimportant shot of staying educated concerning what is happening when they surf, without taking into consideration making the complex steps imperative to stop this spying. In light of (Rodrigue, 2011) every individual has the right to freedom of expression which incorporates the right to talk, read, and interact, and which includes the right of individuals to use avoidance development and innovative apparatuses. Warren and Brandeis original paper on The Right to Privacy in 1980, drafted during a period when daily papers were printing pictures of individuals surprisingly, characterized the all right to be left alone. Their definition determined by an evolving advancement as is customarily the case with security was concerned with securing the untouched character and including such values as individual pride, specific fundamental toward oneself and opportunity. Freedom of expression, whether implemented by characters or by the media, and the ability to exercise it, is a necessary feature of any open, liberal and democratic society. It is only through practicing free expression that civilizations can sustain real democratic liability (Westin, 1967). In light of (Woo, 2006) a network client is regularly confronted with a decision between surrendering the profits and administrations of the site and giving at any rate a data, on the grounds that the utilization of numerous locales or administration is not permitted unless if different particular data is given out. System anonymity turns into a fundamental piece of keeping up the independence of system exercises. One of the main reasons for observing and monitoring internet users is to disallow violation of knowledgeable property right or to prevent cybercrime. Indeed some software holds secret connections to serves that allow them to pass along with numerous of information and data in regards to when customers utilize the product. Important to concerns of free speech and democracy, anonymity might stay the only way for regular individuals to defend themselves from governments and private sectors active use and profiling of their personal information in the networked environment. Un der the current conditions, the main path for system clients to be guaranteed a base measure of security on the web would be to hide their character or give a false data. Identity theft is one of the quickest developing unlawful acts or crimes. Consumers are getting to be progressively worried about data fraud, especially with the multiplication of e- commerce and banking online. Data fraud and misrepresentation might be a gigantic trouble on the exploited person, both fiscally and mentally. This profoundly ability character criminals use various methods in endeavors to get access to your private data. In a few cases they get data from formations or organizations by taking records, repaying workers who have entry to these records, hacking modernized records, or essentially conning data from representatives. There are other fake practices incorporate skimming and phishing